Original article / research
Year :
2021 |
Month :
July
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Volume :
10 |
Issue :
3 |
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PO01 - PO06 |
Full Version
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Spectrum of Histopathological Diagnosis of Oral Lesions in a Tertiary Care Hospital at Miraj in Maharashtra State, India
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Rahul Y Sakpal, Bhushan M Warpe, Shweta Joshi-Warpe 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, B.K.L Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Sawarde, Maharashtra, India.
2. Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, B.K.L Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Sawarde, Maharashtra, India.
3. Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, B.K.L Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Sawarde, Maharashtra, India.
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Correspondence
Address :
Rahul Y Sakpal, Bhushan M Warpe, Shweta Joshi-Warpe, Shweta Joshi Warpe,
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, B.K.L. Walawalkar Rural Medical College and Hospital, Shree-kshetra Dervan, Dist-Ratnagiri,
Sawarde, Maharashtra, India.
E-mail: shwetajoshi4422@yahoo.com
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| ABSTRACT | | : Introduction: Oral cavity is a common site for many types of benign, precancerous conditions and malignant tumours as well as development of congenital and acquired lesions. Oral cancers are the most common type of cancer in Indian men and actually accounted for 40% of all forms of cancers due to tobacco addiction, representing 4% of total body cancers. In Indian females, 2% of all cancers are of oral cavity. The knowledge of aetiological factors for the development of oral cancers can make the disease preventable.
Aim: To study histopathological spectrum of various oral lesions.
Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study done, during the period from November 2013 to June 2017, 150 cases of oral lesions were studied at a tertiary care hospital in Miraj. All the cases were studied and histopathological diagnosis was correlated with clinical findings. The Microsoft Excel 2010 sheet was filled as per case proforma of patients. Analysis was done manually like age wise, gender wise, site wise and sex wise distribution based on the Excel sheet data.
Results: The age of study population ranged from 6-80 years. Most oral cavity lesions were found in the age group 51-60 years of age group with 46/150 (30.67%) cases. Male to female ratio was 1.78:1. Malignant epithelial tumours of oral cavity comprised 100/150 cases (66.67% cases). Amongst malignant tumours, Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) comprised 92/100 cases (92% cases). There was history of addiction in 96/100 cases (96% cases) with 52/100 cases as tobacco chewers (52% cases). 4/100 cases did not have history of addiction (4% cases).
Conclusion: The clinical examination of the oral pathological lesions does not lead to appropriate diagnosis. The clinical diagnosis must be supplemented by ‘gold standard’ histopathological examination for confirming the malignant tendency of oral lesions. |
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Keywords
: Oral-cavity, Precancerous lesions, Squamous cell carcinoma, Tobacco |
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DOI and Others
: 10.7860/NJLM/2021/47581:2488
Date of Submission: Nov 01, 2020
Date of Peer Review: Jan 28, 2021
Date of Acceptance: Feb 24, 2021
Date of Publishing: Jul 01, 2021
Author declaration:
• Financial or Other Competing Interests: None
• Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes
• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? Yes
• For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. Yes
PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS:
• Plagiarism X-checker: Nov 04, 2020
• Manual Googling: Feb 17, 2021
• iThenticate Software: Mar 25, 2021 (16%)
Etymology: Author Origin
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INTRODUCTION |
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Oral cavity being a common site for benign and malignant tumours are also associated with the development of congenital and acquired lesions. The benign tumours do not invade other tissues and do not spread to other parts of the body whereas the malignant tumours can penetrate into surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. There are also some oral precancerous conditions that start off harmless but can later develop into cancer (1).
Congenital lesions include dermoid cyst, odontogenic cyst, lingual thyroid. The majority of acquired, localised overgrowth of the oral mucosa is reactive rather than neoplastic in nature (2). The likelihood of benign oral tumours and tumour-like conditions to recur are rare. Surgical removal helps in its treatment (2).
Malignant tumours of oral cavity include Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), verrucous carcinoma, basaloid SCC, spindle cell carcinoma, acantholytic SCC, adenosquamous carcinoma, carcinoma cuniculatum, lymphoepithelial carcinoma, salivary gland carcinomas, malignant soft tissue tumours, malignant mucosal tumours like melanoma as well as haematolymphoid tumours (2),(3).
Oral cancer is the eighth most common cancer in men and ranks 14th among women worldwide. Two-thirds of this burden is borne by developing countries and over 30% by India only alone (3). Oral cancers are the most common type of cancer in India in men which accounted for 40% of all forms of cancers. In Indian males, oral cancers represent 4% of total body cancers whereas in Indian females it accounts for 2% of all cancers (4).
The knowledge of aetiological factors for the development of oral cancers can make the disease preventable by avoidance of risk factors like tobacco consumption, betel-quid chewing and alcohol abuse. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing were major risk factors evaluated by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogenic to humans, more so in India (3). In Western countries, tobacco usually is taken in the form of cigarette, cigar or pipe smoking. The aetiologic role of oncogenic Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infections in the development of oral cancer is also being defined. The awareness of oral hygiene in prevention of oral lesions/HPV infections is of paramount importance.
Syphilis, nutritional deficiencies, sunlight (in cases of lip cancer), miscellaneous factors including heat (particularly heat from a pipe steam in cases of lip cancer), trauma, sepsis and irritation from sharp tooth and dentures also play a role in the aetiology of oral cancers (3). Many oral carcinomas arises within regions that previously had premalignant lesions. The most common premalignant lesions seen in oral cavity are leukoplakia with related dysplasia (5). An adequate incisional biopsy taken from the lesion can provide over 98% diagnostic accuracy as to whether the lesions are malignant or not (6). This present study was undertaken to study the various lesions of the oral cavity.
It is important to have a patient profile/study of oral lesions which can vary in different regions of the world.
We studied the results of the present study in Miraj with the rest of the authors worldwide to know about the disease in our area, which was the prime novelty factor. Our objectives were:
1) To study gross and microscopic features of oral lesions in our region.
2) To study patient profile with respect to age, site, gender, addiction status and histopathological opinion.
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Material and Methods |
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The present prospective, observational study of three years and seven months was conducted on 150 cases of oral lesions with simple random sampling. The study was conducted after obtaining the Ethics committee Approval (IEC No. GMC Miraj/PATH/PATH 2015-2018/53/2015) from November 2013 to June 2017 in Department of Pathology at a tertiary care hospital in Miraj, Maharashtra.
Sample size calculation: Sample size was calculated using Open Epi statistical software with 95% confidence interval and 80% power.
Inclusion criteria: All oral cavity samples received during the study time period at Department of Pathology, Miraj, Maharashtra at histopathology section.
Exclusion criteria: The exclusion criteria were: 1) Patient with major salivary gland lesions; 2) Metabolic diseases of oral cavity; 3) Inadequate tissue on histopathology; 4) Localised lesions of the soft palate, tonsils, the side and posterior-wall of the throat.
All surgical resection specimen and oral biopsies were fixed in 10% formalin. The Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) tissue sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and were reported.
Statistical analysis
The case details were filled in case proforma of patients. The entries were later made in Microsoft Excel 2010 sheet and analysed by descriptive statistics as frequency (n) and percentages (%) manually.
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Results |
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The age of study population ranged from 6-80 years. Most oral cavity lesions were found in the age group 51-60 years of age group with 46 cases (30.67%). Amongst all oral cavity lesions, males were affected more than the females with male to female ratio of 1.78:1. Most common site involved in oral cavity lesions was buccal mucosa; 53 cases (35.33%).
Most common clinical presentation in oral cavity lesions was oral swelling. The spectrum of various histopathological categorisations of oral lesions with respect to age group, gender distribution, addiction status, location and histopathological diagnosis (n=150) are discussed in (Table/Fig 1). Cysts of oral cavity were most common in 21-30 years of age group. Amongst all cysts of oral cavity, males were affected more than the females with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Most common site involved in cysts of oral cavity was lip. Most common pathological subtype of cyst of oral cavity was mucocele [Table/Fig-(2),(3). Amongst all oral cavity lesions, oral malignant epithelial lesions account for maximum cases; 100 (66.67%) cases. A 92 out of these 100 cases were oral SCC. A 66 out of 92 cases were well-differentiated SCC.
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Discussion |
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Oral tumours are common tumours of India. This changing pattern of malignancy in developing India is due to higher consumption of tobacco in the form of chewing as well as smoking.
A variety of oral lesions summing up to 150 cases, both nonneoplastic and neoplastic were analysed for the purpose of studying the clinical aspect as well as histopathological patterns of oral tumours.
Age incidence of all lesions of oral cavity ranged from 6 to 80 years with 30.67% of cases occurred between 51-60 years of age group. Zaib N et al., in their study found most common age group as 51-60 years with 35.96% cases (9). This finding is comparable with the present study as per (Table/Fig 4) (7),(8),(9),(10),(11),(12),(13),(14),(15),(16).
In the present study, as per (Table/Fig 4), oral lesions showed male preponderance with male to female ratio of 1.78:1 and this is in accordance with most of the studies; especially; Muhsen HJ et al., with male to female ratio of 1.89:1 (8). The present study as per (Table/Fig 4) shows that majority of cases occurred in buccal mucosa (35.33%) which is in accordance with the result in the study conducted by Ali M and Sundaram D (26.8%), Mehta NV et al., (32%) and Mishra V et al., (54.5%) in which the most common site was buccal mucosa (13),(14),(15). In the present study as per (Table/Fig 5) (8),(11),(14),(16),(17),(18), malignant epithelial tumours of oral cavity were the most common oral cavity lesions (66.67%) which is in accordance with the result in the study conducted by Parikh S et al., in which the most common lesion was malignancy (61.83%) (11). Ulcerative lesion was the most common gross finding for malignancies (Table/Fig 6).
Most oral SCC was well-differentiated SCC with 66 cases out of 92 cases (Table/Fig 7). This was followed by moderately differentiated SCC with 21 cases out of 92 cases (Table/Fig 8). Only five cases out of 92 cases were poorly differentiated SCC.
As per (Table/Fig 9) (19),(20),(21),(22), the present study findings of reactive hyperplastic lesions were comparable to study done by Reddy V et al., and Kashyap B et al., (21),(22). In both studies, females were common than males. Just like study by Kashyap B et al., pyogenic granuloma was the most common reactive hyperplastic lesion of oral cavity which is comparable with the present study (Table/Fig 10) (22).
As per (Table/Fig 9), the most common age group affected in study by Awange DO et al., was 20-29 years which is similar to that found in the present study (19). Most common site was gingiva, as studied by Awange DO et al., Naderi NJ et al., and Reddy V et al., which is
comparable with the present study (19),(20),(21).
In the present study, the most common benign epithelial tumour of oral cavity was squamous papilloma (58.34%) (Table/Fig 11). This is in
accordance with the result in the study conducted by Muhsen HJ et al., Parikh S et al., Mehta NV et al., and Agrawal R et al., (8),(11),(14),(16).
Thakur BS et al., in their study found that tongue was the most common site for benign epithelial tumours in oral cavity (38%) which is comparable with present study (33.33%) (23).
According to Hassawi BA et al., in their study, most common age group of benign epithelial tumours in oral cavity was 11-20 years and 21-30 years with 30% cases each of all benign epithelial tumours (18). In the present study, the most common age group of benign epithelial tumours was 21-30 years (33.33%) followed by 11-20 years (16.67%). Benign epithelial tumour of the present study was slightly more common in males than in females with male to female ratio of 1.4:1 (8). Muhsen HJ et al., in their study found male to female ratio of 2.28:1 (8).
In the present study as per (Table/Fig 12) (24),(25),(26), dysplasia is commonest epithelial precursor lesion which was in accordance with the result in the study conducted by Prithal G (26). Gross photograph of leukoplakia and microphotograph of mild oral squamous dysplasia are displayed in [Table/Fig-(13),(14), respectively.
In this study, mean age for malignant epithelial tumours was 49.82 years. Maximum numbers of patients were in the age range 51-60 years (39%). The youngest and oldest patient in our study was 29 years and 80 years respectively. The present study is in concordance with Mehrotra R et al., Shivshetty BS, Prithal G, Dhar PK et al., and Abhinandan B (7),(17),(26),(27),(28), according to these studies, malignant epithelial tumours were commonly seen in 6th decade. Atram MA et al., reported highest incidence of malignant epithelial tumours in 5th decade, a decade earlier compared to the present study.
Most of the studies found maximum incidence of oral malignant epithelial tumours in people over 50 years of age. Hence, screening programs targeting men over 50 years, would help in early diagnosis of oral cancer and therefore improve the treatment outcome.
From (Table/Fig 15) (17),(26),(29),(30),(31),(32), it can be observed that most of the authors found a male preponderance in their studies. In the present study, 70% were males and 30% patients were females which is similar with the study reported by Durazzo MD et al., with relatively higher incidence in male population. Gender is not a risk factor per se in oral cancers (29).
The difference may be due to the high rate of tobacco, smoking and alcohol consumption in males compared to Indian females (33).
Buccal mucosa (40%) was the commonest site for oral malignancies. Similar findings were observed by various authors like Shivshetty BS, Prithal G, and Bhat SP et al., (17),(26),(32). Tongue was the most common site involved in Mehrotra R et al., and Bhattacharjee A et al., studies (7),(34). This can be attributed to cultural difference in the use of tobacco which has led to the variation in the geographic and anatomic incidence of oral cancers in accordance with dose response principle (7).
From (Table/Fig 16), it was observed that with 92%, SCC was the most common malignancy in the present study (17),(26),(30),(34),(35).
As per (Table/Fig 17) (11),(17),(26),(36), out of 100 patients of oral malignant epithelial tumours, in the present study, 52% patients were tobacco chewers, 15% were smokers, 2% were alcoholics, 12% were habituated to pan, 15 % had combined habit of tobacco chewing with either smoking or alcohol. Only 4% did not have any habit. This finding is comparable with Parikh S et al., and Shivshetty BS (11),(17).
In the present study, most common age group of SCC was 51-60 years with 42.39%. This finding is comparable with Shivshetty BS, Prithal G and Bhattacharjee A et al., (17),(26),(34). According to these studies, SCC was commonly seen in 6th decade. Male to female ratio of SCC of oral cavity was 2.54:1. This finding is comparable with Bhattacharjee A et al., and Akram S et al., (34),(36). Buccal mucosa (43.48%) was the most common site for oral SCC. Similar findings were observed by authors like Shivshetty BS, Prithal G, Akram S et al., and Wahid A et al., (17),(26),(36),(37).
The studies conducted by Shivshetty BS, Prithal G, Atram MA et al., and Kiran G et al., (17),(26),(38),(39), found well-differentiated SCC as the most common histological grade among all cases of invasive SCC, which is in accordance with present study (71.74%).
Dragomir LP et al., study, however, showed majority of the tumours as well-differentiated SCC but showed an almost equal percentage of poorly differentiated SCC (40), whereas a study conducted by Bushra A et al., showed majority of cases of moderately differentiated SCC of oral cavity (35).
Limitation(s)
Pathological Tumor-Node-Metastasis (pTNM) staging was not discussed as primary focus of the study was on histopathological pattern based primary diagnosis of the malignant oral lesions. The follow-up of patients was not done as our study is an observational prospective research article and not an analytical study. Clinicopathological correlation for concordance rate and disconcordance rate was not the aim of the study.
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Conclusion |
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Oral and oropharyngeal cancers are the one of the most common malignancy in developing countries. The incidence of oral SCC remains high due to the bad habits like pan and tobacco chewing in Miraj region. Any mass lesions especially in the oral cavity should be biopsied to rule out malignancy. A detailed clinical workup with histopathology study can help in diagnosing most of the oral cavity epithelial precursor lesions. This potentially reduces the morbidity and mortality arising out of subsequent malignant transformation.
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TABLES AND FIGURES | |
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